The article is a structural part of speech used with nouns.
There are two articles in Modern English: the indefinite article and the definite article.
|
·
The indefinite article has the forms a and an. The form a is used before words beginning with a
consonant sound (a coat, a skirt, a doctor). The form an is used before words beginning with a vowel
sound (an order, an ant, an hour). ·
The indefinite article has developed from the Old English
numeral an
(one), and as a
result of its origin it is used only with nouns in the singular. ·
The use of the indefinite article implies that the object is
presented as belonging to a class |
·
The definite article has one graphic form the, which is pronounced in two ways: [ ðì ] before a vowel sound
[ðì 'аер1
] and [ðə] before a consonant sound [ðə
kǽt]. ·
The definite article has developed from the Old English
demonstrative pronoun se and in some cases it has preserved this demonstrative meaning in
Modern English ·
The use of the definite article shows that a particular
object is meant. |
The absence of
articles with class nouns in the plural, with abstract nouns and nouns of material
has grammatical significance: it shows that the nouns are used in a general
sense.
Note: With nouns in
the plural some
is often used. Some, as
well as the absence of articles with class nouns in the plural, is the
equivalent of the indefinite article in the singular. Some is used when the
speaker wants to emphasize the idea of number. Some is also used with nouns of
material if the idea of quantity is implied. Some has the meaning of 'several1
with class nouns and 'a little' with nouns of material. Some is hardly ever
translated into Russian.
Class nouns are used with the indefinite article:
1. When the speaker presents the object expressed
by the noun as belonging to a certain class.
In this case the indefinite article has
the meaning of 'какой-нибудь, какой-то, один (in the meaning of 'некий').
She has a
watch of her own. Close beside them grew
a rose-bush covered with scarlet hips.
Note:In the plural no article is used in this case.
If the idea of number is implied the noun is
preceded by the pronoun some.
I liked
the room because there were flowers in it. "I have brought you some
flowers..." "I hate to wear flowers."
2. With a predicative
noun, when the speaker states that the object denoted by the noun belongs to a
certain class.
Miss Sharp's father was an
artist. "Is your brother an
agreeable man, Peggotty?" - "Oh, what an
agreeable man he is!" She works as a chemist.
In the
plural neither the article nor the pronoun some is used.
They are
good children, no doubt. they were business men when I was in the
nursery."
Note : After the conjunction as a predicative noun is often used without
an article. She was engaged as
governess.
3.
When the noun is used in a general sense. What is said of one representative of
a class can be applied to all the representatives of the class. The article has
the meaning of 'every'.
A
drowning man catches at a straw.
In the
plural neither the article nor the pronoun some is used. Real friends should
have everything in common. (Wilde)
4. There are cases when the
indefinite article preserves its old original meaning of 'one'. This meaning is generally
found with nouns denoting time, measure and weight, the numerals hundred,
thousand, million and the nouns dozen,
score.
He had hardly spoken a word since they left
Riccardo's door ...
A week or
two passed.
He
seems to have half a dozen
languages at his finger-tips.
Class nouns are used with the
definite article:
1.
When the noun denotes an object or objects which the
speaker singles out from all the objects of a given class. An object is singled
out in the following cases:
(a)
when the speaker and the hearer know what particular object is meant. No special indication
is necessary.
How did
you like the play? I have got the magazine.
(b) when the speaker uses an attribute pointing
out a particular object
This is the house that Jack built.
(c) when the situation itself makes the object
definite.
The wedding looked dismal. The
bride was too old and the bridegroom was too young.
2.
When the noun denotes a thing unique (the
sun, the moon,the universe) or a class.The sun was getting warmer.The
bourgeoisie is cowardly.
Note: The indefinite article can be used
when we mean a certain aspect in which the sun, moon and sky appear to us, a
certain state of the sun, the moon, the sky. In this case an attribute is used.
A
pearl-white moon smiles through the green trees.
3.
With nouns used in a generic sense. A noun used in a generic sense denotes a
genus taken as a whole, a thing taken as a type, a genre.
The tiger
has always had the reputation of
being a man-eater. The telephone was invented in the
19th century. The tragedy and the comedy first appeared in
Note: When the noun man is used in a
generic sense no article is used. Silas felt that his trust in man had been cruelly
destroyed.
A noun
used in a
general sense denotes an object regarded as an individual
representative of a class,
A detective
story
helps to while away the time. (Every or any detective story is meant here.)
A noun in a generic sense denotes the whole class.
Conan
Doyle is a master of the detective story. (The detective story is regarded here as a certain genre.)
4. The definite article is used with nouns:
(1) modified by adjectives in
the superlative degree. Miss
Tox had the softest voice that ever was
heard.
(2) in
word-groups some, many, none,
most
+ noun with the preposition of. Most
of the gentlemen looked both angry and uncomfortable.
(3) modified by same, wrong (не тот), right (тот), very (именно тот, тот самый).
"Ah!
Mr. Burton!" exclaimed the Director, "the very person 1 wanted." «... именно тот (как раз тот)
человек, который мне нужен».
(4) with substantivized adjectives and participles.
The
listeners noted something
beyond the
usual in his voice.
The use of articles
with class nouns modified by attributes.
|
The
indefinite article |
The
definite article |
|
·
is used with
a descriptive
attribute which describes an object or
give some additional information about it In
a fortnight I got a long letter, which
I considered odd. |
·
is used when a noun is modified by an attribute
which shows that a particular object is meant. This attribute might be called
a particularizing attribute and it is used to single out an object from
all the objects of the class, to point out one particular object or group of
objects. ·
The use of a particularizing attribute implies the
idea of 'тот, который'; 'именно тот, этот. ·
A particularizing attribute can be expressed
by an of-phrase
or an attributive clause. It is always used in post-position. |
Names of persons.
·
Names of persons are used without articles Sarie looked at Lanny and Celia.
·
Names denoting the whole family are used with the definite article.
The
Dashwoods were now settled at Berton.
·
When names of persons are used to denote a
representative of a family, the
indefinite article is used.
"
·
Names of persons modified by a particularizing
attribute are used with the definite
article.
You're
not the Andrew Manson I married.
·
Names of persons
used as common nouns take the article according to the
general rule on the use of articles.
Swithin
smiled and nodding at Bosinney said, "Why, you are quite a Monte Cristo."
·
Nouns denoting military ranks and titles such as
academician, professor, doctor (both a profession and a
title), count, lord, etc.followed by names of persons do not take the
article. In such cases only the proper
noun is stressed: Colonel' Brown,
Doctor' Strong.
Common
nouns denoting professions followed by names of persons are used with the
definite article. In this case both nouns are stressed.
The
painter Gainsborough has left many fine pictures.
·
Nouns expressing relationship followed by names
of persons do not take the article: Aunt
Polly, Uncle James.
She turned to Cousin Clixam.
·
The use of articles with names
of persons modified by adjectives is varied.
In
most cases no article is used with names of persons modified by the adjectives old, young, poor,
dear, little, honest, lazy.
... she
is the widow of poor Giovanni Bella ...
He saw that old
Chapin wanted to moralize a little.
When
modified by other adjectives and participles names of persons take the
definite article.
The
astonished Tom could not say a word.
Names of persons modified by the adjective certain are usedwith the
indefinite article. I heard it from a
certain Mr. Brown.
Geographical names.
|
No article |
The |
A/an |
|
1.
Geographical names (continents, countries,
states, towns):England, France,
Moscow, London and names modified by an attribute in preposition: Soviet Russia, North
America, Latin America, Cenlral Asia. 2.
Names of lakes do not take the article if the word lake is used: 3. With names of mountain
peaks: Elbrus,
Everest. 4. With names of
single islands: 5. Names of streets and squares: 6. town +
building: 7. In the expressions from East to West, from North to South. 8. Names of
months and days without
particularizing (the) or descriptive (a) adjective: in June, on Monday |
the
names modified by a particularizing attribute. The
oceans, seas, rivers the
lakes without word lake: the 5. With names of
mountain: the Urals, the 6. With names of groups of
islands: the
7. The names of the following
countries, towns and provinces: 8. Names of hotels, ships, cinemas, theatres, newspapers and
magazines. 9. With the names of
cardinal points: the North, the
South, the West, the East. |
and days ·
with a descriptive adjective:
A cold
May is the usual thing in ·
when we mean one of many Mondays,
Fridays. I do not remember exactly when he came from |
Note:
If a
noun is modified by a proper
noun in the genitive case no article
is used. I met Robert's father.
The noun modified
by a proper noun in the common case is used with the definite article. Last
summer I visited the Tretyakov Gallery.
A/An
|
The
|
No article
|
|
·
in a hurry — второпях ·
to have
a mind to do something (a
great mind, a good mind) — иметь желание что-либо сделать ·
to fly into a passion — прийтив бешенство ·
to get in a fury (in a rage)-—прийти в
ярость ·
to take a fancy to—проникнуться симпатией. ·
in a low
(loud) voice -тихо (громко) ·
a great
many (with countables) — много ·
a great
deal (with uncotintables) — много ·
it is a pity — жаль ·
it is a shame — стыдно ·
it is a pleasure —приятно ·
as a result — в результате. to have a good time — хорошопровести время ·
to be at a loss — быть в
недоумении · at a glance—сразу, с первоговзгляда ·
|
·
it is out of the question — об этом не может быть и
речи ·
to
take the trouble to do
something — потрудиться ·
in the original—в оригинале
·
to play
the piano (the violin,-the harp) — играть на рояле(скрипке, арфе)
·
to keep the
house — сидеть дома
·
to keep
the bed — соблюдать постельный режим
·
on the whole — в
целом
·
the other
day (refers to the past) — на днях
·
on the one
hand…, on the other and — с одной стороны, с другой
·
to tell (to speak) the truth —говорить правду; to tell the truth — по правде говоря
·
to be on the safe side — для верности
|
·
out of
doors —вне дома ·
to take to heart — принимать'близко к
сердцу ·
to take offence — обижаться ·
to give (to get, to
ask) permission —
дать (получить, просить) разрешение · to lose heart — терять мужество, приходить в уныние · at present — в настоящее время ·
from morning till night — с утра до вечера ·
from head to foot — с головы до ног ·
from beginning to end — сначала до конца ·
at first sight — с первого
взгляда
·
by chance
— случайн
·
by mistake
— по ошибке
·
for hours
— часами
·
for ages—целую вечность
·
by land, by air, by sea — сушей, по воздуху, морем
·
to go to sea — стать моряком
·
on deck — на
палубе
·
to keep house — вести хозяйство
·
at sunrise—на рассвете
·
at sunset —
на закате
·
at work — за работой
·
at peace — в мире
·
by name — по имени
·
in debt — в долгу
|
USE
OF ARTICLES IN SOME SYNTACTIC RELATIONS
· The use of articles
with predicative nouns.
A
predicative noun is used with the indefinite article if the speaker
states that the object denoted by the noun belongs to a certain class.
If a predicative noun is modified by a particularizing attribute, the
definite article is used. He
is the student you wanted to speak to.
If a
predicative noun denotes a post which can be occupied by one person at a
time, either no atricle or the definite article is used.
Professor N. is the dean of our
faculty.
No
article is used with predicative pouns after the verbs to turn, to
commence, to appoint, to elect. Shakespeare commenced actor.
(Шекспир начинал как актер). They appointed him
head-teacher. ( Его назначили старшим преподавателем)
A
predicative noun sometimes has an adjectival character, especially when it is
followed by the adverb enough. In this case no article is
used. Surely
Bolla isn't fool enough to believe that sort of stuff? The nouns son and daughter used predicatively
take article the when modified
by an o/-phrase, though there may several sons and daughters in the family.Lomonosov was the son
of a fisherman. Becky Sharp was the daughter of an artist.
· The use of articles
with nouns in apposition.
Nouns
in apposition and nouns forming part of an apposition are used:
1.
with the indefinite article if the speaker
states that the object expressed by the noun in apposition belongs to a
certain class. I want to introduce
you to Comrade B,, a great friend of mine.
In the
plural no article is used. I want to introduce you to
Comrades B, and D., great friends of mine.
2.
with the
definite article if they are modified by a particularizing attribute. Comrade В., the student you have mentioned, has come.
If the noun denotes a well-known person or work
of art the definite article is generally used. Pushkin, the great Russian poet,
died in 1837. Hamlet, the immortal tragedy by Shakespeare, was written in
the first years of the 17th century.
But if
the person or the work of art is not widely known the indefinite article is
used. Pericles,
a comedy by Shakespeare, is hardly ever staged.
Class nouns used in address take no article. Come downstairs, child.
PLACE
OF THE ARTICLE.
The usual
place of the article is before the noun if it is not modified by an attribute;
if the noun is modified by an attribute, the
article is placed before the latter.
However,
there are cases when the article follows the attribute.
1. The definite article follows the
attribute expressed by the pronouns both, all. Both the stories were
interesting. All the stories were Interesting.
2. The
indefinite article follows the attribute
expressed by an adjective after so, too, as. It was as black a
house inside as outside.
3. The
indefinite article follows
quite, such, what (what in exclamatory
sentences). She is quite a child. I've never heard of such a thing. What a wonderful
piece of luck!
4. The indefinite article either precedes or follows rather.This enquiry envolved
the respected lady in rather
a delicate
position. They stop and interchange a rather heated look
WAYS OF
EXPRESSING THE MEANING OF THE ENGLISH ARTICLES IN RUSSIAN
The
meaning of the English article may sometimes be expressed in Russian by means
of:
(a) cases
Pour the
water into the glass.
Налейте воду в
стакан. -- Pour some water into
the glass.
Налейте воды в
стакан.
(b)
word order.
A woman
came up to me and asked what time it was. Ко мне подошла женщина и спросила,
который час. The woman has come. Женщина
пришла.
(c) the words един, какой-то, какой-нибудь (the indefinite article), этот, тот самый (the definite article).
A man is
waiting for you downstairs.
Вас внизу ждет какой-то человек.
Do you
know Nina? Yes, I do. I like the girl immensely.
Вы знаете Нину? Знаю. Мне очень нраиигся эта девушка.
SPECIAL
DIFFICULTIES IN THE USE OF
ARTICLES
·
nouns day, night, morning, evening.
|
WITHOUT
ARTICLE |
A/AN |
THE |
|
·
if day and
morning = 'light'; night and evening= 'darkness'
an night and eveningmean 'darkness' Day is meant for
work, night for sleep. ·
day, at night, from morning till night.It is easier to work
by day than at night. ·
the nouns morning and evening are modified by the adjectives
early and late. It was early
morning. |
· the noun is
modified by a descriptive attribute. |
·
the nouns are modified by a particularizing
attribute or when the situation makes them definite. ·
in the morning ·
in the afternoon ·
in the evening. |
·
names of seasons.
1) without articles if they show a certain time
of the year ( It was spring. I like spring) and modified with early
and late
2)
with definite article - modified by a particularizing attribute or
when the situation makes them definite. It
happened in the spring of 1930. The spring was cold and rainy.
·
3)
the
indefinite article is used when these nouns are modified by a descriptive attribute. It was a cold spring.
·
school, college, bed, prison, Jail, church, town, university
1) When
these nouns denote concrete objects the articles are used according to the
general principle. The
school was large and light. A new hospital was built last
year. I live in a small town.
2) When they lose their concrete meaning and express
the purpose for which the objects denoted by these nouns serve, no article is used.
school - учеба
I
go to School №4.
hospital
- лечение
She
was taken to hospital.
bed
- сон или болезнь
It's
time for you to go to bed.
prison
- заключение
He
was sent to prison.
church
- вера/молиться
She
is very religious and goes to church.
town
- городская местность
I'll go to
town tomorrow.
·
The names of meals
·
Names of meals are used without articles. When did you have dinner? Is
dinner ready?
·
The definite article is used when the nouns are
modified by a particularizing attribute or when the situation makes them
definite.
The
dinner we had today was very substantial.
·
The indefinite article is used if the name of a meal
is modif'ied by a descriptive attribute. After a hearty breakfast the four gentlemen sallied
forth to walk to
·
The names of languages.
Names
of languages when they are not followed by the noun language are used without
articles: She
knows English (but she knows the English language).
Note the peculiar use of the definite
article in: (!) It is a translation
from the English (the French etc.), (2) What is the English (the French etc.)
for 'сосна'?
The
definite article is used if the noun is modified by a particularizing
attribute: The
English of America differs from the English of England.
USE OF ARTICLES WITH NOUNS MODIFIED BY CERTAIN
ADJECTIVES, PRONOUNS AND NUMERALS
Most.
(a)
Most-+ adjective.
The definite article is used when most serves to form the superlative
degree of an adjective(denoting
comparison and a high degree of a
quality).
This is
the most interesting chapter in the book.
When
most has the same meaning as very, exceedingly the indefinite article is
used
Caroline found
that the old maid had
been a most devoted daughter and sister.
(b) Most + оf +noun.
When
definite people or things are meant
the noun is used with the definite article and most is followed by
the preposition of.
Most of
the flowers in the garden were planted by
the schoolchildren.
Few,
a few, the few; little, a little, the little
Few means
'мало', it has a negative meaning.
A few means 'несколько’, it has a
positive meaning.
The few means 'те немногие (которые)'.
Little
means 'мало', it has a negative meaning.
A little means 'некоторое количество', it has a positive meaning. The little means
'то небольшое количество (которое).
Two,
the two; three, the three, etc.
Two
means 'два'.
The two means 'оба, те два'.
The
second, a second.
The second is an ordinal numeral meaning 'второй’
A second means 'another, one more time.
Another,
the other.
The pronoun another has two meanings:
(a) 'какой-либо другой'. Give me another pen, I don't like this one.
(b) 'еще один'. I am thirsty; 1 should like
another cup of tea.
The other means 'определенный другой1. There are two books here, take one and I'll take
the other.
Last, the fast.
Nouns
modified by the adjective last are always used with the
definite article except in theexpressions last month, last year, last week, last summer (winter,
autumn, spring). The last word remained with George. Last summer, in
Next,
the next.
Next
means 'будущий' when
referring to time: next
month, next week.
The next means 'следующий': the
next room, at the next lesson.
Next time means 'в следующий раз'. We shall discuss this
matter next time.
A number, the
number.
A number of
means 'many'. It is
rendered in Russian by много, ряд. His father and a number of his
cronies were in the dining-room.
The number means 'число, количество'.
The number of mistakes he makes
is startling.
OMISSION OF THE ARTICLE
·
The article is often omitted in newspaper headings, telegrams,
in stage directions.
Gas Blast
Kills Woman.
(Daily Worker) Girl Gymnast Keeps Title. (
·
The article is often omitted with homogeneous members
closely connected with each other and joined by the conjunction and. In most cases they go in pairs.
The
breakfast was taken away, and
that meal over, it was the general custom
of uncle and niece to separate.
|
Артикль — это служебное слово, поясняющее существительное, как бы
ярлычок, прикрепляемый к каждому существительному, чтобы легче было с ними
разобраться. На русский язык артикль часто не переводится, поскольку в
русском языке артикля нет. Тем не менее, артикль имеет свое значение,
понятное говорящим на английском языке. |
Каждое существительное (кроме имен) обязано иметь
артикль, и только один.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ. Некоторые артикли
могут также быть местоимениями или союзами и употребляться самостоятельно.
·
если перед существительным уже стоит один из вышеперечисленных артиклей
·
в том случае, если перед существительным стоит имя или другое
существительное в притяжательном падеже (с окончанием 's), играющее роль
притяжательного артикля
·
перед именами собственными (кроме официального обращения с упоминанием
фамилии, например Mr. Jim Simpson), а также
существительными в роли обращения
·
перед существительными, за которыми следует номер в количественной форме,
например текст один, комната шесть и т.п.
·
в заголовках, например Heat rise clue to shuttle disaster, рекламных текстах, вывесках,
указателях и на табличках, инструкциях по пользованию лифтом, таксофоном и т.п.
(собственно говоря, там также опускаются глаголы-связки и некоторые другие
несущественные слова), а также в некоторых устойчивых выражениях
·
Это больная тема. Скажу честно,
порой я сам оказываюсь в затруднении, ставить артикль или нет. Логики тут мало.
Для того чтобы облегчить своим ученикам жизнь, я составил таблицу ниже,
ориентируясь, как всегда, прежде всего на американский вариант английского.
Однако в ней рассматриваются многочисленные исключения, а вот общее правило
выглядит примерно так…
В школе для новых
русских преподают английский. Учитель: — Слушайте, пацаны, если нет артикля, то
это переводится как «типа», если есть определённый артикль, то это переводится
как «конкретно»!
Шутка конечно, но, как
известно, в каждой шутке есть немного шутки… А если серьёзно, то определённый
артикль, который иначе также можно назвать «конкретным» (уже без шуток),
употребляется с теми понятиями, которые хорошо известны говорящим (например,
упоминались ранее или общеизвестны) и не употребляется в случаях, когда предмет
или понятие называется как часть множества ему подобных. В таких случаях
употребляется неопределённый артикль, который уместнее было бы назвать
«классифицирующим». Например, солнце, луна, земля, пол, стол (за которым
сидите), будут иметь конкретный артикль. Если «В порт прибыл пароход» или «Это
большой красивый пароход», то артикль будет классифицирующий («Слышите, пацаны,
там в порт типа пароход какой-то зашёл»; «Это вот, типа, такой клёвый
пароход»). Но в вопросе «Пароход уже прибыл?» речь идёт о данном пароходе и
артикль конкретизирующий («Пароход конкретно прибыл, в натуре, пацаны»). Вот ещё примеры:
I saw a movie last night. The movie was about
Close the door, please — Закрой дверь (имеется в виду дверь комнаты, в
которой находятся говорящий и слушающий)
К слову, насколько неверная
терминология может сбить людей с толку, настолько правильная может научить! Я
не знаю, чем думали филологи, называя, например, простое прошедшее время
«неопределённым» (хотя как раз это время применяется для действий, которые
произошли в определённый момент времени в прошлом!), но уж придумать для артиклей
правильные названия большого ума-то не надо… Но вы теперь конкретно знаете
общее правило для the, так что можно переходить к частностям. Итак,
|
определенный
артикль употребляется |
определенный
артикль не употребляется |
|
фамилия во множественном числе, когда требуется
назвать всех членов одной семьи |
имена (в т.ч. названия городов и стран) |
|
нации, национальности, этнические группы как целое |
|
|
языки (только со словом language) |
языки (одно слово — без language) |
|
названия государств, содержащие слово республика,
союз, королевство и т.п. |
страны в единственном числе, название которых воспринимается как имя (обычно состоит из 1 слова), в том числе названия отдельных штатов |
|
страны и другие географические названия во множественном числе |
|
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океаны, моря, заливы, проливы, реки, группы озер, архипелаги, горные цепи, пустыни |
отдельные озера, водопады, горы |
|
стороны света |
континенты |
|
земля, небо, луна, солнце |
планеты, звезды, созвездия |
|
исторические документы |
заголовки статей |
|
войны (кроме мировых с количественным числительным)
|
мировые войны с количественным числительным |
|
учебные заведения — если название
начинается со слова школа и т.п. |
учебные заведения — если название начинается
с имени собственного |
|
названия судов |
|
|
театры, гостиницы, рестораны, пабы, музеи, галереи, газеты |
улицы, площади, парки, станции метро, аэропорты |
|
порядковые числительные, тж. слова last, next |
количественные числительные после
существительных |
|
слово other в сочетании с
парным предметом, либо одним из двух предметов, либо остатком чего-либо |
|
|
слово radio в сочетании с
глаголами восприятия |
слово television в сочетании с
глаголами восприятия |
|
слова bed,
table, school, college, church, когда они обозначают конкретный предмет
или здание |
слова bed,
table, school, college, church, home, когда они обозначают не предмет, а
связанную с ним деятельность (сон и т.п.) |
|
слово hospital в американском
английском |
слово hospital в британском
английском |
|
разговорные названия болезней |
научные названия
болезней |
|
музыкальные инструменты (всегда) |
виды спорта, шахматы, карточные игры |
|
|
месяцы, дни недели |
|
|
праздники |
|
|
трапезы, время приёма пищи |
|
выражения утром, днём, вечером |
выражения типа завтра
утром, прошлым вечером |
|
окружающие предметы быта; то, что известно всем
и не требуется дополнительно представлять |
абстрактные, отвлеченные понятия, чувства и
эмоции |
|
|
науки, учебные предметы и дисциплины |
|
|
названия веществ |
|
названия должностей, которые может занимать
только один человек |
названия должностей, которые может занимать
только один человек, как именная часть составного сказуемого или
после глаголов elect, appoint |
|
существительные, перед которыми стоит
прилагательное в превосходной степени |
|
|
существительные, после которых стоит предлог of, означающий лимитирующее определение |
существительные, после которых стоит предлог of, означающий описательное определение |
|
наречия в сравнительной степени в конструкции чем…
тем… |
некоторые идиоматические выражения |
|
некоторые устойчивые словосочетания с предлогом in |
некоторые устойчивые словосочетания с
предлогом at |